Dear friend of Arkadia, You are heartily invited to ‘Vikings or Crusaders: Scandinavians at war in the twelfth century’ by Philip Line on Tuesday 7.2 at 6pm. The talk will consider the Scandinavian culture of war in the twelfth century, particularly that of the elite (both in terms of how they thought and how they fought), and in particular the extent to which it had become, or was becoming, ‘Europeanised’. Were their concepts of honour and glory more akin to their Viking forebears, or had they absorbed the knightly culture of chivalry and suffering for Christ that prevailed among knights in Germany, Frankia and England? Had their methods of conducting warfare come to resemble those of their southern neighbours, or were they more akin to those employed in the earlier Middle Ages? Welcome! Warm regards, Ian www.arkadiabookshop.fi –Entrance is free and green tea will be offered. A donation of €2 (or more!) to fund the event is suggested and would be most welcome. Philip Line BA in Ancient History 1977 (University of Wales), BA in East European Languages, Literature and Regional Studies 1998 (SSEES, University of London), MA in Medieval Studies 1999 (University of Leeds), PhD (Institute of Medieval Studies, University of Leeds) on High Medieval Swedish Kingship 2003. Book published 2007: Kingship and State Formation in Sweden 1130-1290. Currently working on two books, one on Warfare in the Viking Era, one on Warfare in Scandinavia 1100-1300. .